Cardiac Vascular Nursing Certification Practice Exam 2025 - Free Cardiac Vascular Nursing Practice Questions and Study Guide

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What type of murmur is characteristic of mitral regurgitation?

Early diastolic murmur

Crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur

Mid-systolic click

Holo-systolic or pan-systolic murmur

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by a specific type of murmur known as a holo-systolic or pan-systolic murmur. This murmur occurs throughout the entire duration of systole, meaning it starts at the first heart sound (S1) and is present until the second heart sound (S2).

The presence of this continuous murmur is due to the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole when the mitral valve fails to close properly. Clinically, this murmur is best heard at the apex of the heart and may be transmitted to the left axilla. The hemodynamic consequences of mitral regurgitation lead to volume overload in the left atrium, which can contribute to heart failure symptoms and atrial fibrillation over time.

Understanding the nature of this murmur is crucial for the assessment of patients suspected of having mitral regurgitation, as it plays an important role in diagnosis, patient management, and outlining further investigations or interventions needed.

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